عینک eyewear

۴۰ درصد تصادفات به علت دید ناكافی، ۱۲ درصد به علت ندیدن علائم رانندگی، ۱۰ درصد به دلیل برف و باران، ۳ درصد مه و دود، ۳ درصد نور شدید و ۱۱ در صد نیز بر اثر عوامل دیگر رخ داده است. كه با توجه به این آمار اهمیت سلامت چشم و دید خوب در رانندگی مشخص می شود.

داشتن چشمان سالم از ضروریات یك رانندگی ایمن است . افراد ممكن است در حالت سكون، دید بسیارخوبی داشته باشند، اما در رانندگی با سرعت بالا شرایط به كلی تفاوت دارد. دید راننده زمان حركت اتومبیل، ممكن است بر اثر شرایط وعوامل خارجی به میزان زیادی مختل شود .

دمای هوا، میزان گرد و غبار، نور شدید، مه، برف و باران و رعد و برق، تمیز نبودن شیشه جلو یا شیشه چراغ ها، دود سیگار یا حتی كثیف بودن شیشه عینك راننده نمونه هایی از این عوامل و شرایط هستند.

• Texting and driving makes an accident 23 times more likely.
• Dialing your phone increase your chances of an accident by 2.8 times.
• 1 in 5 drivers confess to surfing the web while driving.
• Smartphones are the most common form of distraction for drivers.
• Making even the most basic text takes a minimum of 5 seconds of your attention off of the road when you text and drive.
• In addition to causing 330,000 injuries each year, it’s estimated that about 11 teens die every day as a result of texting and driving. And this is just teens – this is about 4000 total deaths per year in the United States

What kind of visual function is necessary for driving? Visual acuity and field of vision (visual field) are the most important factors for safe driving. Vision regulations for driving vary from state to state, so check local laws to find out what your requirements are.

While driving, the visual system is on alert and constantly under pressure. A good vision is essential in order to perfectly visualize the route and to be able to anticipate the different events. Good acuity and a wide visual field are therefore necessary when driving.

As research shows 1 in 5 drivers in the world has uncorrected poor vision and 90% of the information needed to drive comes from vision. The interaction between eyeglasses and the interface systems in the car, both day and night, is obviously crucial.

طبق گزارش‌های شركت های بیمه ای بین سال های ۱۹۹۸ تا ۲۰۰۵ علت تصادفات خودروها در سرعت بالا به شرح زیر بوده است :

۴۰ درصد تصادفات به علت دید ناكافی، ۱۲ درصد به علت ندیدن علائم رانندگی، ۱۰ درصد به دلیل برف و باران، ۳ درصد مه و دود، ۳ درصد نور شدید و ۱۱ در صد نیز بر اثر عوامل دیگر رخ داده است. كه با توجه به این آمار اهمیت سلامت چشم و دید خوب در رانندگی مشخص می شود. به همین منظور، توصیه می شود رانندگان هر سال دید چشم خود را كنترل كنند و با معاینه سالانه چشم، از سلامت دید خود هنگام رانندگی مطمئن شوند . بهتر است در این معاینات تست های كوررنگی و شب كوری هم انجام شود.

جالب است بدانید رانندگان با ۱۰ سال سابقه رانندگی حدود ۱۰ درصد و رانندگان با ۲۰ سال سابقه رانندگی حدود ۲۰ درصد دیدشان را از دست می‌دهند و این نشان می‌دهد كه رانندگان حرفه‌ای باید بیشتر مراقب چشمانشان باشند.

The visual requirements for driving include acuity of at least 20/60 or better in at least 1 eye with a single lens system; binocular horizontal field of vision of at least 35 degrees to the left and right side of fixation; and binocular vertical field of vision of at least 25 degrees above and below fixation.

Good eyesight is a basic requirement for safe driving. Poor vision increases the risk of collisions due to the driver’s inability to recognise and react in time to a hazard or the behaviour of other road users.

However, poor vision is believed to be massively underreported in government crash causation data due to the difficulty in determining if eyesight was to blame. Some casualties are likely to occur because drivers are unaware they have a vision problem and have neither corrected it nor reported it to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA). Untreated eye conditions can occur gradually over time. In extreme cases, someone can lose up to 40% of their vision without being aware they have a problem.

Estimates from the Royal College of Optometrists suggests 2-3% of drivers have vision below the minimum standard.

Drivers with visual field defects have double the incidence of road crashes and traffic violations compared to drivers with a full visual field, and almost half people with visual field loss are unaware of the problem.

But despite this, many drivers do not get their eyes tested regularly or even at all.

some terms and Definitions:

• Visual Acuity: The ability to see clearly.
• Distance Vision: The ability to see in the distance.
• Depth Perception: Vision that gives objects their three-dimensional appearance and that enables a person to judge the relative distance between two objects.
• Central Vision: The 3-percent cone at the center of your focus. Focusing on objects is done with the help of central vision.
• Peripheral (Fringe) Vision: The area of vision to the left and right of the area of central vision.
• Color Vision: A crucial aspect in traffic safety is color vision. Color vision is the ability to see colors.
• Night Vision: The ability to see in low and variable light conditions.
• Glare Vision: The ability to see when there is a rapid increase in light.
• Glare Recovery: The ability of your eyes to quickly adjust from headlights back to the dark.
• Vehicle-Reaction Time: The time it takes a vehicle to respond.
• Visual Lead: The distance you can see ahead of your vehicle.
• Visual Control Zone: The zone where you identify objects/conditions that may require a response or continuous attention.
• Response Zone: The zone where you begin to respond to what you perceive.
• Margin of Safety: Areas of roadway large enough to allow you the space, time, and visibility needed for safe movement at anytime.

Central cronic vision. You might find this hard to believe but our sharpest, clearest vision, called central conic, is only about 3 to 5 degrees .

Central vision is the most important part of a person's vision. It is used to read, drive, and see pictures or faces. Good central vision allows a person to see shapes, colours, and details clearly and sharply. An area of the retina (the lining of the back of the eye) called the macula provides central vision.

Central vision and fringe vision are both about of your field of vision. Central vision is what is directly ahead of you and 10-degrees out from that, while fringe vision is part of your peripheral vision that helps to monitor your zone condition that is defined by your central vision.

For safe driving, fleet drivers must have their eyes on the road, hands on the wheel, and full attention and focus on the task at hand. These three types of distracted driving – visual, manual and cognitive – are what can be the most risky.

Yes, you may still be able to drive a car or motorcycle if you only have one eye or sight loss in one eye (sometimes called "monocular vision"). This is provided that: the DVLA is satisfied that you have sufficient sight in your other eye (including a normal field of vision).

میدان دید راننده هنگام رانندگی بسیار با اهمیت است . هرچه میدان دید بیشتر باشد، كنترل خودرو هنگام خطر راحت تر صورت می گیرد. میدان دید ممكن است تحت تاثیر عوامل متعددی كاهش پیدا كند. خستگی، هیجان، ترس، نگرانی، بی‌احتیاطی، مصرف داروهای آرام بخش، سیگار كشیدن و مصرف مشروبات الكلی از این عوامل هستند. توصیه می‌شود رانندگان قبل از مصرف هرگونه دارو با پزشك مشورت كنند و در صورت داشتن اثرات خواب آور و كاهش هوشیاری از رانندگی اجتناب كنند.

بیشتر از ۹۰ درصد از مجموع عواملی كه شرایط رانندگی را در كنترل دارند در اختیار چشم است. هرچه چشم سالم‌تر باشد و راننده هنگام رانندگی دقت كافی داشته باشد، احتمال بروز حادثه به میزان زیادی كاهش پیدا می‌كند.

رانندگی در شب به خاطر وجود نور شدید و ناگهانی كه به چشم راننده می‌رسد قدرت تطابق چشم را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. عمل تطابق همان آماده شدن چشم برای پذیرش شدت‌های مختلف نور در مقاطع زمانی مختلف است و درست در همین لحظات است كه احتمال بروز حادثه به بیشترین حد خود می‌رسد.

در گزارش علت غرق شدن كشتی مسافربری تایتانیك، به كم شدن تطابق چشم ناخدای كشتی در تاریكی دریا اشاره شده كه سبب ناتوانی او در دید كوه یخی كه كشتی با آن برخورد كرده، شده است.

حتی هنگام روز كه راننده از محیط روشن به محیط تاریك یا از محیط تاریك به محیط روشن وارد می شود (مثلاً تونل‌ها) این حالت اتفاق می‌افتد و كاهش دید به علت عدم تطابق احتمال بروز حادثه را بیشتر می‌كند.‌[1]

A 1985 study by K. Rumar, using British and American crash reports as data, found that 57% of crashes were due solely to driver factors, 27% to combined roadway and driver factors, 6% to combined vehicle and driver factors, 3% solely to roadway factors, 3% to combined roadway, driver, and vehicle factors, 2% solely to vehicle factors and 1% to combined roadway and vehicle factors. eResearch by Navid Ajamin -- winter 2010

Visual acuity is usually recorded as:

• "Uncorrected," which is without glasses or contact lenses
• "Best corrected," which is with the best possible glasses or contact lens prescription

What is the minimum eyesight standard for driving?

The legal eyesight standard means that you must be able to read a number plate from 20 metres. You must not have been told by a doctor or optician that your eyesight is currently worse than 6/12 (decimal 0.5) on the Snellen scale. If you are in any doubt, you should discuss with your optician or doctor.

How many meters is the eye test?

For uncorrected visual acuity, you will be asked to remove your glasses or contact lenses and stand or sit 20 feet (6 meters) from the eye chart. You will keep both eyes open.

Human factors in vehicle collisions include all factors related to drivers and other road users that may contribute to a collision. Examples include driver behavior, visual and auditory acuity, decision-making ability, and reaction speed.[2]

Reference:

• salamat.ir روزنامه سلامت
• media.group.renault.com
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collision
• brake.org.uk/facts-resources/15-facts/491-eyesight
• Visual acuity test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003396.htm
• A good vision for a safer driving - Essilor Pro-Eyecare (essilor-proeyecare.eu)
• State Vision Screening and Standards for License to Drive lowvision.preventblindness.org
• The Importance of Good Vision for Driving & Minimum Vision Requirements epermittest.com
• Driving safety: an accident is likely to occur 23 more times with cell phone use – The Andersons (andersonscanada.com)